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DOCUMENTATION HANDBOOK
VK3UM AUTOTRACK
Version 5:10 Nov 1993
INDEX
Para Section Page
1.0 Introduction ............................... 2
2.0 Hardware requirements ...................... 3
3.0 Software requirements ...................... 3
4.0 Main Menu .................................. 4
5.0 Main Menu Options .......................... 4
6.0 Tracking Modes ............................. 4
6.1 Real Time Track ....................... 4
6.2 Auto Track ............................ 5
6.3 Graph Track ........................... 6
7.0 General Set Up ............................. 10
7.1 Home Location Change .................. 11
7.2 Summer/Winter Time .................... 11
7.3 Operating Frequency ................... 11
7.4 UTC/Local Computer Time ............... 11
7.5 Display Source Target ................. 11
7.6 Transmit Sequence ..................... 11
7.7 Period of Transmission ................ 11
7.8 Warning Sound On/Off................... 11
7.9 Save Set Up parameters ................ 11
7.10 Change Computer Time .................. 11
8.0 Auto Track Set Up .......................... 11
8.1 Mode Selection Analog/Digital/Pulse ... 11
8.2 Digital Set Up Parameters ............. 12
8.3 Analog Set Up Parameters .............. 12
Motor Run On .......................... 12
8.4 Pulse Set Up Parameters ............... 12
8.5 Home (Park) Position of Antennae ...... 14
8.6 Azimuth Motor Hysteresis .............. 14
8.7 Elevation Motor Hysteresis ............ 14
8.8 Drive Update Period ................... 14
8.9 End Stops of Antennae ................. 14
8.10 Communication Port .................... 15
8.11 Antennae Mount ........................ 15
8.12 Motor Speed Control ................... 15
8.13 Save Parameters to Disk ............... 15
9.0 Printed Circuit Board Interconnect .......... 16
10.0 Component List and Sources .................. 18
11.0 Check Out Procedure ......................... 20
12.0 Summary ..................................... 22
12.1 Printed Circuit Board Changes ......... 23
13.0 ADDENDUM OF FUNCTION KEYS USED .............. 23
13.1 Real Time Track Screen ................. 23
13.2 Auto Track Screen ...................... 23
13.3 Graphic Screen ......................... 24
13.4 Target Screen Options via [F2] ......... 24
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Software was developed primarily as an aid for Amateur
Radio Operators wishing to communicate by reflecting
signals off the Moon. This communication mode is commonly
referred to as EME. (Earth -Moon - Earth).
The facilities provided by this software, when used with
the VK3UM Serial Interface controller attached to your
Computer, will allow you to automatically track the Moon,
(or any other Quiet or Noise Source).
The Software and Hardware has been designed to suit Analog,
Digital and Pulse Tracking Systems and may be used in both
Hemispheres.
Facilities are provided to Graph Noise, and Moon Echos. You
can also store these graphs on disk and recall them at a
latter date. Moreover the graphs may be overlaid for
comparison purposes. Printing of these graphs has also been
provided. Help instructions are available for graphic
facilities via [F1] within the Software.
The Software is quite complex and is an on going project by
the author. Not all the Authors' proposed facilities have
been included at this stage (Automatic Polarisation
Tracking for example). Accordingly when revisions become
available they will be announced and distributed at a
moderate cost. All options described in this document apply
to this version of the software.
It should be clearly understood that this Project is for
Amateur purposes and should any bugs be found or you have
suggestions for improvement please convey your
correspondence to the following :
Doug McArthur (VK3UM)
30 Rolloway Rise
Chirnside Park
Victoria 3116
AUSTRALIA
Home Phone (61 3 7264484)
Work FAX - 24Hrs (61 3 7286464) ** Inwards Only **
Note. I am +10 hours ahead of UTC.
Again I stress that this is an Amateur project developed on
a cost covered basis for the advancement of our Hobby.
Unlike my EME PLANNER SOFTWARE that has been distributed
free for many years, the cost of the very complex interface
board has to be covered.
2.0 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
This Software will only run with the associated Interface
board. The board is complex and contains 20 "standard
IC's", 8 miniature relays and transistors plus an
assortment of capacitors and resistors. Because of the
complexity it was decided to produce the board as a plated
through hole (980!) fiber glass identity. A parts layout is
provided to clearly identify placement of components. A
circuit has not been provided as such is deemed unnecessary
due to the simplistic nature of construction. It is
recommended, but not essential, that IC sockets be used.
Input and output connections are via standard IDC
connectors. It is left to the user to package the unit as
desired. A +5v regulator has been provided on the board (as
well as reverse supply protection) for those that wish to
feed the unit with an unregulated +7 - +10 volt supply.
Total current, which is dependent upon the number of relays
operated at the time, is approximately 350mA.
3.0 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
IBM or a compatible XT/AT/286/386/486 configuration is
necessary. The Graphic options used for graphing requires a
EGA or VGA driven monitor. Auto Track is provided for
monochrome, Hercules and CGA monitors however the extra
graphing facilities are not available with these monitors.
The software is "downward compatible" to EGA for higher
resolution screens. (350x640 16 Colors). The program
requires approximately 330k RAM to run.
NOTE IF YOU DO NOT HAVE THE INTERFACE CONNECTED AND YOU WISH TO
RUN THE SOFTWARE THEN SELECT THE REAL TIME TRACK OPTION.
THEN PRESS THE HOME KEY AND THE SOFTWARE WILL BE CONFIGURED
TO THE DEMONSTRATION MODE.
This will select the Pulse Mode with internally generated
Pulses. To return to interface control exit the program and
re-boot.
3.1.1 Software/Hardware Debugging Functions.
These can only be selected from the Auto Track Screen but
are used in the graphics screen.
3.1.2 [F1]. When in the AutoTrack Screen and when using the Pulse
Mode, this will enable the display of Azimuth and Elevation
Pulse Counts. Pressing [F1] again will disable this
display. This is a useful option when calibrating your
Pulse System if you are unsure of the number of pulses per
degree. (pulses per 360 degrees is required to configure
your input for the pulse mode). This is achieved by first
turning on the pulse counter and running your drive over a
known number of degrees of travel. The pulse count will
indicate the number of pulses for that travel. Multiply the
number of pulses by the number of degrees and you have the
pulses per 360 degrees required in section 8.4. Note you
can input decimal degrees.
3.1.3 Control[F1] will reset the Pulse Counter.
3.1.4 Shift[F1]. When in the AutoTrack Screen and when using the
Pulse Mode, this facility will generate simulated pulses
from within the Software without the need for an external
pulse input. The one hundredth digit will turn red when
internally generated pulses are selected. Pressing
Shift[F1] again will return the control to the external
pulse input. This facility can be used as a training aid to
become familiar with the software and all the options
provided.
4.0 MAIN MENU.
After the opening Logo Screen the Main Menu Headings are
displayed. The following sections provide the user with the
information necessary to configure and interface your
system to the hardware. Please read this carefully as the
software is most comprehensive and abounds with many user
options. The [F1] key provides the Version Number of the
Software.
5.0 MAIN MENU OPTIONS.
Selection of these options may be achieved by either moving
the highlighted bar with the cursor keys (arrow keys) or by
typing the first letter of that option required. For
detailed description please refer to the following
sections:-
6.0 Tracking Modes. 7.0 General Set Up.
8.0 Auto Track Set Up.
6.0 TRACKING MODES.
Before running the various tracking modes please set all
your parameters to suit your Station as detailed in
Sections 7.0 and 8.0. This Sub Menu enables selection of
the Tracking Mode desired. The Real Time Track option
provides the location of the Tracking Source commensurate
with your Computer Clock. The Auto Track Modes, in
association with the Serial Interface, enable the automatic
or manual control of the antennae.
6.1 Real Time Track.
This option provides real time (Computer Set Time),
calculations of Azimuth, Elevation, Doppler Shift for any
"Tracking Source" (Moon - Sun - Noise), which may be chosen
from General Set Up Sub Menu or [F2] from within this
screen. This mode does not allow for automatic Antennae
control as is provided in Auto Track. It does provide
Azimuth/Elevation and Doppler Shift of the "Tracking
Source" relative to your location and Computer Time. The
screen will indicate both the Transmit (red) and Receive
(blue) periods and sound a warning prior to the change over
sequence. The Tx Sequence and Period as well as the bell
may be set as desired in the General Set Up Menu. (refer
7.6 and 7.7).
6.1.1 [F2] key will allow you to select any of the available
Target Sources available. The [TAB] key allows you to
select additional noise sources.
6.1.2 [F3] key will allow you to input a DX Station's Grid
Square. This will then provide a display, in the centre of
the screen, of the Azimuth, Elevation, Doppler Shift and
Spatial Offset of the distant station. The latter two
displays will only be present if you both have coincident Moon.
6.2 Auto Track.
This option provides Auto Tracking of any Target Source
provided in the EME Software. The Auto Track Setup Menu
allows you to configure the Software to suit both the
Hardware Interface and your own specific Station
requirement. The Antenna will then track the Target Source
or you may manually steer the Array as desired.
6.2.1 [F1] will this will enable the display of Azimuth and
Elevation Pulse Counts. This is a useful option when
calibrating your Pulse System if you are unsure of the
number of pulses per degree. This is achieved by first
turning on the pulse counter and running your drive over a
known number of degrees of travel. The pulse count will
indicate the number of pulses for that travel. Multiply the
number of pulses by the number of degrees and you have the
pulses per degree and then translate this to the number of
pulses per 360 degrees as required in section 8.4. Note you
can input decimal degrees but the greater the travel will
provide a higher order of accuracy. Pressing [F1] again
will disable this display. (Pulse Mode only).
6.2.2 Shift[F1] will generate simulated pulses from within the
Software without the need for an external pulse input. The
one hundredth digit will turn red when internally generated
pulses are selected. Pressing Shift[F1] again will return
the control to the external pulse input. This facility is
most useful as a training aid to become familiar with the
software and all the options provided. (available only for
Pulse Mode of operation).
6.2.3 Control[F1] will reset the Pulse Counter. (Pulse Mode only)
6.2.4 [F2] key will allow you to select any of the available
Target Sources available or input a Azimuth Bearing. The
positions of all the Targets are available on screen.
This facility will also permit using a beacon as a source and
plot a beam pattern or position the array to a known Az / El
for Auroa or FAI transmissions. In addition you may input a Grid
Square for terrestrial purposes. The software provides you
with the Azimuth bearing and distance.
6.2.5 [F3] key initiates the Automatic Tracking functions. When
in the automatic tracking mode ANY key will disable the
automatic tracking and return you to Manual Tracking.
6.2.6 Shift[F3] allows you to input a DX Station's Grid Square.
This will then provide a display, in the top left hand
corner of the screen, of the Azimuth, Elevation, Doppler
Shift and Spatial Offset of the distant station. The latter
two displays will only be present if you both have
coincident Moon.
6.2.7 [F4] key will automatically park your antennae to the home
position as defined by you in the Auto Track Set Up Menu.
(refer 8.5).
6.2.8 [F5] key allows you to re-calibrate your antennae readout.
Simply enter the new headings to change your display.
(Pulse Mode only).
6.2.9 [F6] key allows you to transfer your Target source bearings
into your Azimuth and Elevation antennae headings. This can
be very useful should you be unsure of your headings. If
for example, you are tracking the Sun and find that the
peak Noise heading is different to your beam heading you
can then transfer the Target to your own beam headings
(Pulse Mode only).
6.2.10 [F7] key allows you to save your current indicator Azimuth
and Elevation readouts. This allows you to leave your array
where you would prefer without driving it to the set park
position. You may then turn off your computer and recall
your previous position by the Shift[F7] key. (Pulse Mode
only).
6.2.11 Shift[F7] key allows you to recall your previously stored
Azimuth and Elevation Indicator position. When initiating
the program enter into the Auto Track Screen and hit
Shift[F7]. The programed Park position will be changed to
the "Temporary Parked" position as previously stored.
(Pulse Mode only).
6.3 Graph Track. (Requires EGA/VGA Monitor)
This is the real heart of the Software and provides
advanced facilities to check your system and to perform
accurate and or scientific measurements. It is this area
the author has concentrated his efforts.
The options provided by Graph Track allow you to select
many sources and:
(a) automatically position the array and then graph
either E or H Plane polar patterns.
(b) calculate the Antennae Gain and beam angle directly
from the screen. You can calculate gains either
separately or as a composite gain figure.
(c) graph your Moon echos.
(d) obtain a time domain/amplitude plot of received
signals.
(e) Utilize the received signals to perform rudimentary
Digital Signal Processing and recover the actual CW
signal and play it on the internal computer speaker.
(f) Sample a noise source and display level variations
on an expanded graph.
As with all the above facilities the Graphs may be stored
on disk and later retrieved (overlaid on top of another
graph and/or printed) for evaluation.
Whilst in the Graphic Screen help is provided by hitting
[F1] and stepping through the function key designations.
(Shift,Alt,Ctrl). The key functions are displayed on the
right hand side of the screen.
6.3.1 Graphic Screen Options.
To utilise the Graph Track facilities you must have a
monitor capable of displaying EGA or VGA. The software is
"downward compatible" to EGA and will result in a 640x350
resolution graphics screen. The options are now described
in function key order.
6.3.2 [F1]. Step through the Function keys accessed from the
Graphics Option. (Shift,Alt,Ctrl).
6.3.2 [F2]. Select a Target Source. You may select any of the
Menu displayed options provided. They include the Sun and
other Noise Sources as well as the Cold Sky areas. The
Software will then Track your selection. You may also input
a Azimuth Bearing (set in Autotrack Screen) which will permit
using a beacon as a source and then plot a beam pattern.
The [TAB] key allows you to select additional noise sources.
6.3.3 Shift[F2]. This is the DSP option. First load the receiver
file you wish to analyse with Shift[F10] before hitting
Shift[F2]. The displayed waveform will change to grey and a
yellow horizontal line will appear across the screen. This
line (set level), may be moved to a position representing
the DSP point. A counter on the left hand side of the
screen indicates its position.
[F1] will then translate the signal into a square wave
representing the level chosen. This will be displayed
in white.
[F2] will provide the CW output of this signal via the
computer speaker.
[F7] will return you to the set level condition so you may
alter the level as desired and repeat [F1] and [F2] as
often as desired.
[Esc] will return you to the main Graphics menu where you
may load another file (Shift[F10]).
6.3.4 Alt[F2]. Scan and Track a noise source (eg Sun) and record
the variations in level over a period of time. After
hitting this key, if the source chosen is above the
horizon, the software will position your array at the
source. If the source is below the horizon plotting will
commence immediately on the top half of the screen. The
sampling time is calculated commensurate with your computer
and is displayed at the bottom of the screen. On the right
hand side of the receiver input display the peak input
level is displayed. Your input level should be adjusted to
indicate 0.0dB (or as near as you can make it), and under
these conditions the level plotted on the top half of the
screen (yellow) will be referenced to 0dB. You will notice
that the display is linear and has a range of +/- 6dB. You
may check this by placing an attenuator in line with your
receiver. The input level is in this case the peak level as
seen by the A/D. Levels greater than or less than 6dB with
respect to the reference level will clip the plot. If you
are expecting a variation greater than 6dB then the level
can be set accordingly (-3 or -6dB for example). At the
commencement of the scan the time will be displayed on the
screen. When the scan reaches the far right hand side of
the display (or you hit any other key to stop the function)
the end date and time will be shown. The graph display may
be stored on disk by [F10] or the whole procedure repeated
with the Alt[F2] key.
6.3.5 Control[F2]. This option allows you to vary the time
between updating the Antennae heading with the Source when
using the Scan function. Alt[F2]. The default setting is 30
counts before updating. You will see the count reducing at
the end of each scan. When it reaches 0 it will update.
This function allows the user to input a value commensurate
with their Antennae Gain (Beamwidth). The maximum value is
499 which is the full screen width of the display. If you
choose such a value you will infact plot the beam width
slope of your array.
6.3.6 [F3]. Position your array for graphing Moon Echos. (Auto
Track the target in the Graphics Mode). The array will be
then set to track the Moon. After obtaining Lock you are
ready to plot your Echos by hitting Shift[F3].
6.3.7 Shift[F3]. Plot Moon Echos. When Lock is obtained with [F3]
hitting this key will send seven 200mS dashes which
activate the PTT Relay. Following the last dash and two
seconds after the rising edge of the first pulse, the graph
will plot the returned echo on the screen for the next two
seconds. You will also note that if you wish to plot
another Echo this will be done in another colour or if you
chose, you may clear the screen first with [F7]. There are
4 alternating colours selected automatically by the
software. This applies to all plotting options except for
the Receiver Scan functions where only green has been
provided.
6.3.8 [F4]. Park Antennae. You may Park your Antennae to the
Azimuth and Elevation positions as chosen and set in the
Auto Track Setup Menu.
6.3.9 Shift[F4]. Target to Indicator. If you are using the Pulse
mode of operation this facility allows you to re-calibrate
your indicator. Manually peak your array on a noise source
or your Moon Echos and then by hitting Shift[F4] you will
transfer the Target source Az and El positions to that of
your Indicator readout. This may upset your Park position.
6.3.10 [F5]. Position for Azimuth. This will position your array
the number of degrees counter clock wise from your Tracking
Target (eg the Sun). The number of degrees offset will be
that as chosen from the four available scales provided in
the Change Degree Scale under Shift[F8].
6.3.11 Shift[F5]. Graph Azimuth Noise. After positioning your
array and obtaining "Offset Lock" with [F5], hitting this
key will start the Az Drive and plot the Noise on the
Graphics Screen. The motors will drive through the Target
and stop at the corresponding Azimuth on the other side of
the source. Again hitting Shift[F5] (after completing a
plot), will repeat the plot in the opposite direction in
another colour.
6.3.12 Alt[F5]. Graph Azimuth Noise. This is the same as Shift[F5]
except it provides for Non-Linear readouts. If your indicators
do not produce a linear step (increment in 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9
or similar) then this option should be used to Graph your Noise.
6.3.13 [F6]. Position for Elevation. This option functions the
same way as for Azimuth as previously explained in option
[F5] above noting that the array will initially be
positioned below the Target.
6.3.14 Shift[F6]. Graph Elevation Noise. Again as explained in
option Shift[F5] the Elevation Noise will be plotted in
this option.
6.3.15 Alt[F6]. Graph Elevation Noise. Again as explained in
option Alt[F5] the Elevation Noise will be plotted in
this option.
6.3.16 [F7]. Clear Graphics Screen. After plotting a graph you may
clear the screen by hitting this key or continue to "paint"
another graph, in another colour, over your previous
graphs.
6.3.17 Shift[F7]. This will calculate Antennae gain and Beam Angle
after plotting a graph. The 3dB calculation points will be
shown on the screen as small crosses.
6.3.18 [F8]. Change Degree Scale. This allows the user to select
the offset Azimuth and Elevation headings from where the
array will be positioned before commencing to graph noise.
(Options [F5] and [F6]). The offsets provided are +/- 5,
12.5, and 25 degrees. In other words if you select +/- 5
degrees and plot a Elevation noise response the antennae
will first be positioned 5 degrees below the Target and
then run through the target and stop 5 degrees above the
Target. The Azimuth will track correctly. Hitting [F6]
again will drive your array downwards and provide another
plot in a different colour from where you came. (less
Target change of position ofcourse!)
6.3.19 Shift[F8]. Change (invert) the dB Scale. Depending upon the
measurements you are making it is sometimes useful to
present the display in an inverted format. This option
provides this function where the dB Scale can be set for
either 0-30 or 30-0 dB.
6.3.20 Control[F8]. Calibrate input Voltage to the Receiver Input
A/D. This function will enable you to display your receiver
input voltage to the A/D converter. It will be displayed as
a open bar and vary in level commensurate to your input
voltage. The Maximum voltage will ofcourse correspond to +5
volts. (0dB reference for noise measurements or +x dB for
receiver S/N+N level). Press any key to clear screen and
resume.
6.3.21 [F9] Receiver Scan 10 Seconds. This option allows the user
to use the graph option to plot the receiver output. This
is a Time domain/amplitude display referenced to the levels
as set in Shift[F8] above. The graph will plot the receiver
for 10 seconds and then stop. Hitting the [F9] key again
will clear the graph screen and repeat the operation.
During the scan if you hit any key it will stop the
operation. You can store this graph and print it out later,
for inclusion with your QSL of the station you worked!!
6.3.22 Shift[F9]. Receiver Scan 50 Seconds. This option is exactly
the same as explained in [F9] except the scan period has
been extended to 50 seconds.
6.3.23 [F10]. Store the Graph to Disk. The default file extension
has been chosen for you depending upon the graph you have
just plotted. The program asks you the file name. Remember
to keep the file name down to 8 letters. The file is then
stored with the extension associated with the graph.
Azimuth xxxxxxxx.AZM
Elevation xxxxxxxx.ELV
Moon Echo xxxxxxxx.ECO
Receiver xxxxxxxx.REC
Scan xxxxxxxx.SCN
xxxxxxxx = user chosen file name.
The file size is approximately 63kB long so make sure you
have enough room on your disk to store the file! The Graph
Plot provided in all the above options also Date and Time
stamps your plot. This is saved and will be displayed on
the screen when recalled. It also saves the dB and Degree
Scales. Note You don't type the extension as this is added
automatically).
6.3.24 Shift[F10]. Load a graph from disk. This option allows you
to recall and overlay any file, on any other, or on a blank
screen. The colours and scales will be the same as those
stored. The Software will step you through the types of
files available to which you respond to the one required
with a "Y". A [CR] or any other key will be a default "no"
response! After selecting the file type, respond with the
file name and this will be displayed on the screen! If the
file does not exist it will tell you so! A Directory of
files, (in the associated colours), appears on LHS of the
screen. (in place of the Function help keys).
6.3.25 Alternate[F10]. Print a Graph. This option will print the
graphics screen on any standard printer with a graphics
option. You may load from disk the display(s) you wish or
print direct from the screen.
6.3.26 Control[F10]. This option allows you to Erase a stored
Graph file. Choose the file type you wish to erase (this is
colour coded), and simply type in the File Name. The file
extension is NOT required.
7.0 GENERAL SET UP.
This Sub Menu provides the default parameters that are
stored as your own Home Location and are used on start up.
You may also set the Computer Time from within this Menu.
Remember to save any changes when you are finished.
7.1 Home Location Change.
This option provides the ability to input your Home
Location Data that is used for all calculations and is
called when initiating the Program.
7.2 Local Winter/Summer Time.
This option allows you to select either Summer (+1 hour),
or Normal Time.
7.3 Operating Frequency.
This option allows you to select any frequency from 50 MHz
to 24 GHz. It is used for doppler calculations.
7.4 UTC/Local Computer Time.
This option allows the user to run your Computer Time as
UTC if desired.
7.5 Display Source Target.
The user may select either the Moon, Sun or any Noise
Source for use in the Tracking Mode Routines. It is also
provided in the other screens.
7.6 Transmit Sequence.
This option allows the user to select either First or
Second TX sequencing.
7.7 Period of Transmission.
The user may select Transmission periods of 1, 2 or 2 1/2),
Minutes as desired as used in the Real Track Mode.
7.8 Warning Sound On/Off.
The user may turn off the Warning Alarm as used in the Real
Time Track Mode.
7.9 Save Set up Parameters.
This option allows you to save all options to Disk.
7.10 Change Computer Time.
You may correct your Computer Time with this option. Select
the highlighted figure you wish to change, with the [arrow]
keys, and use the [+/-] keys to increment or decrement the
value as required. [Esc] to exit when finished.
8.0 AUTO TRACK SET UP.
This Sub Menu provides all the facilities required to
utilise the Auto Tracking options of the Software. As your
Station will most likely be different from all others,
adjust the parameters to suit your particular situation.
8.1 Mode Selection ... Analog / Digital / Pulse.
This Option allows the user to select the method of
Computer Interface that is most adaptable to existing
Azimuth and Elevation Displays. The available Modes are as
follows.
(a) The Analog facility requires a voltage input varying
from 0v to +5 Volts [Maximum] for both the Azimuth and
Elevation, (G.H.A. / Dec) displays. The user should
arrange their system to provide this maximum variation
for the best resolution. Calibration and scaling of
the input voltage is achieved from the "Analog Set Up
Parameters" Menu. Refer connection details P3 Section
9.0.
(b) The Digital Inputs [4 per digit] are connected in
parallel to the Azimuth 000.0 and Elevation 00.0
displays. Normal logic levels are required. Refer
connection details P4 and P5 Section 9.0. Used as
input for the VK3UM/ZL3AAD Gray Code position
indicator hardware.
(c) The Pulse input requires +5v to 0 Volt pulses (50%
Duty Cycle - use a D Flipflop) corresponding to the
drive movement of the antennae. The reference starting
point is the Park position of the Array. The "Pulse
Set Up Parameter" Menu allows the user to specify the
number of pulses per degree which then provides
automatic calibration the display. Key [F5] allows the
user to Re-calibrate Az and El if required. Refer
connection details P3 Section 9.0.
8.2 Digital Setup.
This mode is for Operators that may already have a Digital
Display attached to some form of decoder. The interface
allows such a display to be utilised as input to the "VK3UM
EMETRAK" Software. The Connection for each group of BCD
lines, (four for each digit) and is designated Hun Ten Uni
and Dec). The maximum accuracy is 0.1 degree with overall
Software capable of 0.05 degs. Unused Decimal Degree inputs
should be tied Low if not required. (Refer Section 9
Connector P4).
8.3 Analog Setup Parameters.
This option has been designed to utilise potentiometers
attached to the Az and El of the Array. It is suggested
that quality 10 turn potentiometers be employed. It is left
to the user to design a system to allow a 0v - +5 volt
variation to be presented at the interface. The 0 and +5v
should correspond to the maximum range of movement. For
example should you wish to track from 90 to 270 degrees
then the maximum displayed resolution is (270-90)/255 or
0.7 degrees. Accordingly, set both the Az and El to suit
your needs. The 0v always corresponds to the smaller value.
Tracking in both hemispheres is automatic from your Home
Station information and the resolution is computed and
displayed from your designated range values.
8.4 Pulse Setup Parameters.
This option has been designed for those who choose to
employ an optical or a mechanical shaft encoder to generate
pulses during rotation. The software will count these
pulses and display the respective heading. Due to the speed
of the computer there is naturally a speed limitation. This
is approximately 25 pulses per SECOND for a 4 MHz machine.
THE PULSES MUST BE 50% DUTY CYCLE FOR MAXIMUM SPEED. LESS
THAN 50% DUTY CYCLE WILL SEVERELY LIMIT THE SPEED. Note I
am talking speed of rotation or the number of 50% duty
cycle pulses sent to the interface from your shaft encoder
in one second. Do not confuse this with pulses per degree.
With higher speed machines the figure naturally increases.
I use the 4MHz machine as a worst case scenario. Always
check this out first (assuming you are presenting sharply
defined pulses to the interface) to make sure you are not
"dropping or missing pulses". The resolution is a function
of pulses per 360 degrees as defined in this Menu by the
user. The reference point is set by the Home Position of
the Antennae as defined by the user. Re-setting is provided
by [F5] but will void the Home Position. Built into this
function is the ability to only Track in Azimuth or
Elevation. The drive you wish disabled should be set to 0
pulses per 360 degrees. This will inhibit that drive for
all modes. (Pulse, Digital and Analog). Since February 1993
Version 2:02, the software has been changed to permit
Pulses per 360 degrees to reduce possible cumulative
errors.
This now means that:
360 = 1.0 pulse per degree,
3600 = 0.1 pulses per degree or
36000 = 0.01 pulses per degree.
Other values will permit exact scaling to suit your system. Note
that the input pulse must be negative going as fed to the tracking
interface. A pull up resistor to +5v may be required to achieve
this depending upon the encoder you employ. ie. the pulse shall go
from +5v to 0v to count and held at +5v whilst idle. (RF immunity
design).
Azimuth and Elevation Motor Run-on.
These options allow for the correction of added pulses
that are not counted after the motor off command is
given. You may input the number of run on pulses by
implementing the internal pulse counter [F1] (reset by
[ShiftF1]) and viewing the extra pulses after you stop
the motor. The extra pulses are added as soon as the
motor starts and as such will stop prior to reaching
the true heading. The resultant operation will provide
for correct tracking commensurate with any motor over-
run. The maximum number of added pulses is 99. A
substitute for stopping the motor dead !! Note.. If
you require this motor run-on facility then the
hysteresis factor will have to be increased
commensurate to the distance travelled. This generally
means that a hysteresis factor of 3 or more is
required. Check the hysteresis window, as displayed in
degrees, with respect to the added run on pulses and
derive a factor suitable for your needs. (refer 8.6).
Again problems will be experienced as a result of the
time the motor is run and the time it will take to
stop! (an "un-programable" variable!)
8.5 Home (Park) Position of Antennae.
This facility provides for the parking of the Array
automatically by the [F4] key. Both Az and El will drive at
the same time. Should you be in the tracking Mode this
will be disabled. The values input here are also used as
the reference starting point for those using the Pulse
Input Mode. You may enter a negative value for the Park
Elevation/Declination. In Auto Track this value will be
displayed in red to indicate a negative number.
8.6 Az Motor Hysteresis.
This facility allows the user to control the "window"
within which tracking will be maintained. If you have a
motor drive that runs on, (does not stop quickly enough),
then you may extend the "window" by a multiplication
factor. This factor, (normally set to 1), is used to
multiply your tracking accuracy. Set this factor to suit
your system.
examples:
a. If you are running an analog position indicator and
you are spanning 359 degrees (0 volts = 0 degrees and
+5 volts = 359 degrees), then your tracking
resolution = 359/255 or 1.41 degrees. If you choose
to use a Az Hysteresis Factor of 2 then you will then
have a window of +/- 2.82 degrees.
b. If you are running a pulse position system and you
are using 1 pulse per degree then your tracking
accuracy is 1.0 degree. Should you choose a Az
Hysteresis Factor of 5 then your tracking window will
be +/- 5.0 degrees.
c. If you are running a digital input positioning system
with 0.1 degree resolution and then using a
Hysteresis Factor of 10 the window becomes +/- 1.0
degrees.
The factor is stored as part of your start up file in
EMETRAK.DAT.
8.7 El Motor Hysteresis.
The functions are identical to that of the Azimuth
Hysteresis function.
8.8 Drive Update Period in Minutes.
This option allows the user to select how often you wish
the Az / El Motors to operate. If you enter 0 then the
motors will drive every 15 seconds as this is the update
Target calculation period. When using the Pulse Mode, the
time and Target is frozen until Lock has been achieved. The
period starts again after Lock has been achieved.
8.9 End Stops of Antennae.
This option allows the user to set Software End Stops to
prevent over run of their Array. Two, for each Azimuth and
Elevation, (G.H.A. / Dec) have been provided. Always set #1
as the lower value. You may enter a negative value for the
Elevation/Declination. In Auto Track this value will be
displayed in red to indicate a negative number.
UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES SHOULD THE USER RELY UPON THE
SOFTWARE ENDSTOPS, BUT AS A MATTER OF SAFETY, PROVIDE THEIR
OWN FAIL SAFE ELECTRICAL INTERLOCK PROTECTION.
8.10 Communication Port [9600/8/1/N].
This facility allows the user to choose either COM1 or
COM2 Serial Ports as defined by the IBM (or compatible)
configuration. Variation of the speed, number of data and
stop bits as well as parity can not be changed in Software.
8.11 Antennae Mount. Az/El or G.H.A./Dec.
This option allows the user to select either of the
Antennae mounts and track the Sources as required. The
respective displays will change according to the type of
mount selected.
8.12 Motor Speed Control
This option allows the user to control the speed of the
drive motor. The "Spare" relay is used for this purpose. As
only one relay is available, you only have the option of
controlling one motor. This is selected from the sub menu
from within this option. You may select either the Azimuth
or Elevation drives and input a "window" within which, the
"Spare" relay will NOT be actuated. That is, the relay will
operate for FAST speed and NOT operated for SLOW speed. The
figure you input sets a +/- value for the window. If you do
not require this option then make both the Azimuth and
Elevation windows equal to 0.
8.13 Save Set Up Parameters to Disk.
This option allows the user to save all Auto Track Setup
parameters as well as the General Set Up Parameters to
Disk. They are stored in the Data File EMETRAK.DAT. These
parameters are used on start up so remember to save all
your changes prior to exiting the Program!
9.0 PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD CONNECTIONS.
Connector P1 (RS232).
1 Protective Ground
2 Transmit Data
3 Receive Data
4 Request to Send
5 Clear to Send
6 Data Set Ready
7 Signal Ground
8 Received Line Signal Detect
20 Data Terminal Ready
At the Computer end of the cable join 4-5 and join 6-8-20.
Connector P2 (Relay Output).
1 Azimuth - Clockwise.
2 Azimuth - Counter Clockwise.
3 Elevation - Down.
4 Elevation - Up.
5 PTT - Echos.
6 Polarity CW - not used in the current software.
7 Polarity CCW - not used in the current software.
8 Spare now designated for Motor Speed Control.
9 Earth
10 Earth
11 Earth
12 Earth
13 Earth
14 Earth
15 Earth
16 Earth
The "Relay Outputs" may be Ground or +5v as selected by the
Interface Link.
Connector P3 (Analog and Pulse Input).
1 Not Used
2 Not Used
3 Not Used
4 Not Used
5 Not Used
6 Receiver Audio Input [0 - +5v]
7 Elevation Pulse Input [0 - +5v]
8 Azimuth Pulse Input [0 - +5v]
9 +5v (available for external use)
10 +5v (available for external use)
11 Earth
12 Earth
13 Earth
14 Earth
15 Earth
16 Earth
Connector P4 (Azimuth Digital Input). External 4511 Pin
1 Az Ten 0 7 (A)
2 Az Ten 2 1 (B)
3 Az Ten 4 2 (C)
4 Az Ten 8 6 (D)
5 Az Unit 0 7 (A)
6 Az Unit 2 1 (B)
7 Az Unit 4 2 (C)
8 Az Unit 8 6 (D)
9 Az Decimal 0 7 (A)
10 Az Decimal 2 1 (B)
11 Az Decimal 4 2 (C)
12 Az Decimal 8 6 (D)
13 Az Hundred 0 7 (A)
14 Az Hundred 2 1 (B)
15 Az Hundred 4 2 (C)
16 Az Hundred 8 6 (D)
Connector P5 (Elev. Digital Input). External 4511 Pin
1 El Ten 0 7 (A)
2 El Ten 2 1 (B)
3 El Ten 4 2 (C)
4 El Ten 8 6 (D)
5 El Unit 0 7 (A)
6 El Unit 2 1 (B)
7 El Unit 4 2 (C)
8 El Unit 8 6 (D)
9 El Decimal 0 7 (A)
10 El Decimal 2 1 (B)
11 El Decimal 4 2 (C)
12 El Decimal 8 6 (D)
13 Earth
14 Earth
15 Earth
16 Earth
10.0 COMPONENT LIST - VK3UM EME AUTOTRACK INTERFACE.
10.1 Integrated Circuits.
IC1 AY-3-1015D IC11 74LS08
IC2 ICL232 (MAX232) IC12 74LS04
IC3 74LS123 IC13 74LS05
IC4 74LS155 IC14 74LS00
IC5 74LS175 IC15 74LS374
IC6 74LS175 IC16 74LS374
IC7 74LS00 IC17 74LS374
IC8 74LS04 IC18 74LS374
IC9 74LS00 IC19 74HC4060P
IC10 74LS08 IC20 ADC0809CCN
10.2 Capacitors.
C1 - C2 27 pf Ceramic
C3 22 nf Green Cap (223K)
C4 1.5 mfd Tantalum 16vW (Watch Polarity!)
C5 2.2 nf Green Cap (222K)
C6 4.7 nf Green Cap (472K)
C7 22 nf Green Cap (223K)
C8 2.2 nf Green Cap (222K)
C9 0.1 mfd Green Cap (104K)
C10 10 nf Green Cap (103K)
C11 - C17 10 mfd Tantalum 16VW (Watch Polarity!)
C18 - C21 22 mfd Tantalum 16VW (Watch Polarity!)
Green Cap = polycarbonate or similar capacitor.
10.3 Resistors.
R1 - R8 1.5k ohm 1/4 Watt
R9 - R16 390 ohm 1/4 Watt (180 ohm parallel LEDs used)
R17 - R18 22k ohm 1/4 Watt
R19 10M ohm 1/4 Watt
R20 10k ohm 1/4 Watt
R21 2.2k ohm 1/4 Watt
R22 10k ohm 1/4 Watt
R23 100k ohm 1/4 Watt
R24 10k ohm 1/4 Watt
R25 1.2k ohm 1/4 Watt
R26 10k ohm 1/4 Watt
10.4 Transistors.
T1 - T8 BC547
T9 7805 (Voltage Regulator)
Use Link if not required.
10.5 Crystal.
X1 2.4576 MHz
10.6 Diodes.
D1 - D11 1N914
D12 1N4004
D13 - D20 5.6v Zeners
10.7 LED's.
1 - 8 Miniature Red - note these can be mounted on the board
plus remote LEDs on the front panel. If used in parallel
reduce R9-R16 from 390 ohms to 180 ohms.
10.8 Relays.
RL1 - RL8 NEC MR62-5S (5v DPDT)
10.9 Fuse.
F1 - 1A (Off Board Mounting - bridge if not required)
10.10 Sockets.
P1 26 pin IDC Vertical Non Clip Mounting
P2 - P5 16 pin IDC Vertical Non Clip Mounting
10.11 Alternative IC Component Designations.
IC1 AY-3-1015D TR1865PL (UART)
IC2 MAX232 MAX232CPE AD232JN DS14C232CN
IC19 74HC4060 MM74HC4060N M74HC4060B1N PC74HC4060P
PCF74HCT4060P CD74HCT4060E
RL1 - R8 Relays.
Also known in USA as Potter & Brumfield T82NI D113-05
The pin configuration is as follows:
1-2 = 5 volt coil.
C = Common. NC = Normally Closed Contacts
NO = Normally Open Contacts
1 C NC NO
o o o o
o o o o
2 C NC NO
10.12 Component Sources. To the best of my knowledge they
stock all the above components.
USA.
Jameco Electronics Ph 415-5928121
1355 Shoreway Rd Ph 415-5928097
Belmont CA 94002 FAX 415-5922503
EUROPE
Export Department Ph +44-532-636311
Farnell Electronic
Components Ltd. FAX +44-532-633411
Canal Road
Leeds LS12 2TU
United Kingdom
On the order, write "Please charge credit card (say
Visa or MasterCard) number xxxx, expiry date xx/xx"
and sign the order. I am told that the card will be
charged in local currency in most countries at a fair
exchange rate.
11.0 CHECK OUT PROCEDURE.
As most of you that will be undertaking this project
are highly competent and experienced in the EME field
you will find this a breeze!!! Be assured that, if it
does not work, it is due to something YOU have done
wrong! Refer to File "BOARDFIX.DOC" for additional
information before applying power to the board.
11.1 Assemble the board as per the component layout paying
careful attention to the orientation of the components.
I recommend the use of IC sockets but this ofcourse is
not necessary. Just be sure that the IC's are aligned
properly before soldering!! You may mount the LED's on
the interface card or externally. Additionally you can
do both providing you reduce the resistor values as
shown.
11.2 Apply power be it 7 - 9 volts DC or +5 volts if you
choose to bridge out the onboard regulator. Measure the
current. It should be in the vicinity of 100 - 200 mA
depending upon your voltage source. All relays should
not be operated as indicated by the LED's.
11.3 Interconnect the board to your Computer (refer Section 9
for connection details). Plug the interface into COM1
(default Serial Port) or COM2 should you desire. In the
latter case remember to change to this Port in the
AutoTrack Set up options.
11.4 Run the EMETRAK Software and select the Auto Track
Option under Tracking Modes from the Main Menu.
11.5 Using the Cursor Keys (Arrow Keys), select in turn the
Right Arrow, (Clockwise) Left Arrow (Counter Clockwise)
and Up Arrow (Elevation Up) keys. The respective LED's
should light! I would advise you not to connect your
drive motors yet until you become familiar with the
software. Remember that the Space Bar or any other "Text
Key" will stop the motor(s) and restore you to Manual
Track if you happen to be in Auto Track.
11.6 You can now go back to the other Screens and set you QTH
and all other parameters you will be using. To detail
how to do this here is difficult as you have so many
combinations to chose from. It is very straight forward
and logical! The explanations within this document will
point you in the right direction. It all depends upon
just what you will be using for your position read outs.
11.7 Calibration of your readouts can be done directly from
the screen if you are using Analog Potentiometers.
Remember that the maximum count is equal to +5 volts and
should not be exceeded. Zener diode protection is
provided but the board is not "Goof Proof". When using
Digital inputs their connection is as previously
indicated. As a check you will mimic your readout directly on
the screen. If you chose to utilise the Pulse option then
provide a +5 to 0 volt pulse to the interface. I would
suggest that you use a Schmitt trigger driving a monostable.
A 74LS123 would be suitable and this would give you the
option to double the resolution of your pulse system. eg. If
you feed the output from your pulse encoder, (via a schmitt
trigger), to the respective inputs of both halves of the
74LS123 and configure them to trigger on +ve and -ve pulse
transitions and then "OR" their output you will provide two
pulses to the interface instead of one! This will make a one
pulse per degree encoder capable of 0.5 degree resolution.
Don't forget to set your pulses/360 degrees to 720!. Remember
that 3600 pulses per 360 degrees will give you a 0.1 degree
readout and anything less will be scaled accordingly. The
Pulse input will allow for greater input but, to be sure, and
this depends upon your speed of rotation, use a variable
frequency pulse generator to simulate what you will be using.
11.8 The relays can handle up to 2.5A but it is recommended that
you don't use them to directly control your motors. One of
each is provided for UP/DOWN/LEFT/RIGHT as well as a PTT Line
for Transmitter control when using the Echo Graphing Option.
Two are currently not used (CW and CCW Polarity) whilst the
"Spare" can be used for the motor speed option as provided.
You do not need to mount these components at this time should
you desire. (relays can cost up to $5!).
11.8 The Analog input from your receiver may be interfaced to the
Auto Track board via a suitable audio detector and DC
amplifier. An interface should be calibrated to provide the
level commensurate with the dB scale provided in the graphics
option. Again the reference voltage should be set to +5 volts
peak relative to the scale chosen.
11.9 Now that you have had a play with the options you can get
serious! Go to the Auto Track Options Menu and select the
Pulse Mode. You may not intend to use this mode but it is fun
to play with and you can get the feel of the software!!! Next
select the Auto Track mode and energize the internal Pulse
generator with Shift[F1]. Now you can now play with the
options!! Simulate Auto Tracking, Parking, testing your End
Stops etc. You can also check out your Graphic facilities
from within Graph Track. Watch your respective control LEDs
light. (alternatively select REAL TIME TRACK and hit the HOME
key which will place it in the Demonstration Mode).
NOW ALL YOU HAVE TO DO IS INTERFACE IT TO YOUR REAL SYSTEM!!!!
12.0 SUMMARY
As you can see the interface options are quite profound. I
leave it up to you to select which mode suits you best. In
general, the concept of this system has been conceived to
cover nearly all the current readouts being used today. The
accuracy is commensurate to the information you present to
the interface!
Its no good striving for 0.01 degree accuracy when you have
backlash in your drive, the readout system or the antennae
moves in a strong breeze! The more attention you place on
YOUR input the more accurate will be your tracking!
Similarly for those that promote 12 bit A/D converters and
claim a higher degree of resolution should consider the
potentiometers they hang across it!! Even with the most
expensive available 0.5% you cannot realize the accuracy
provided by the A/D!!
A final point with respect to the Software. As you can see
it is highly complex! There are well over 14,000 lines of
Pascal code. It is most difficult to be 100% sure that
there is not a bug. I have gone to extreme lengths to check
out as much as is practical. Should you have a problem
please document, as best you can, the nature, effect, and
events that caused the difficulty.
I use the total system (with digital Gray code position
indicators) all the time so that most problems are quickly
revealed, but one cannot be absolutely sure! I have based
the options from practical experience and from input from
other users. If you have any suggestions for improvement
please do not hesitate to write. (Don't ask me about
Satellite tracking facilities or CW options please ... I am
not interested! This is for those interested in EME and
Radio Astronomy operators, not telephone users!!). The
Software was written and developed as an Amateur project to
fill a need. (My need!) It is not my full time profession
nor do I expect to benefit financially! The cost has been
kept to the barest minimum. Accordingly I would appreciate
your help to cover costs of any future correspondence or
software updates.
12.1 Changes to Printed Circuit Board May 1991.
On Printed Circuit Board (Version May 91) there are two minor
changes to the Artwork. Both are on the solder side of the
board.
(a) Near 7805 Regulator - a small section of track has been
removed.
(b) IC 6 track to pin 10 has been re-routed from pin 11.
This is the input to the Spare relay. The error has been
corrected. In addition, the hole sizes for the 7805 are
too small. Bend ends of the leads over and solder direct
to the top side of the board.
12.2 Changes to Printed Circuit Board May 1992.
On some Printed Circuit Boards (Version May 92) there is a
solder link in a large track near the centre of the board.
The board manufacturer forgot a hole during the drilling
process!
12.3 Finally!! The board has been put together by some 70 Stations
so far, (1st Sept 1992) and the ONLY PROBLEMS HAVE BEEN
FAULTY IC's, solder bridges (please don't use a 300 watt
soldering iron!) and the odd wrong wiring of the serial
interface cable. The faulty IC's have been the inexpensive
ones like the 74LS00, 74LS04, 74LS05 and 74LS08. Make sure
you get them from a good source!!
13.0 FUNCTION KEYS
[F1] Main Screen .. Software Version Number.
13.1 Real Time Track Screen.
[F2] Select Target Sources.
[F3] Input a Grid Square.
13.2 Auto Track Screen.
[F1] Enable/Disable display of Az and El pulse counts
Shift[F1] Enable/Disable internal Pulse Generator.
Control[F1] Reset Pulse Counter (refer [F1]).
[F2] Select Target Sources. [TAB] More Sources.
[F3] Initiate Auto Tracking Mode.
Shift[F3] Input a Grid Square.
[F4] Park Antennae.
[F5] Recalibrate Az/El indicators.
[F6] Transfer Target Az/El to Indicator Az/El.
[F7] Save Indicator Az/El.
Shift[F7] Recall Indicator Az/El.
13.3 Graph Track.
[F1] Help Screen of Graphic Function Keys.
[F2] Select Target Sources. [TAB] More Sources.
Shift[F2] Digital Signal Processing (Rudimentary)
Load Receiver file with Shift[F10] first.
[F1] Set Level with arrow keys first then perform DSP.
[F2] Replay CW on Computer Speaker.
[F7] Repeat Set Level Procedure.
[Esc] Returns to Menu.
Alt[F2] Long Term Scan and signal variation Graph option.
Ctrl[F2] Change Tracking Update Scan Count. (Max 499).
[F3] Auto Track Target (Position for Echos).
Shift[F3] Plot Moon Echos.
[F4] Park Antennae.
Shift[F4] Transfer Target Az/El to Indicator Az/El. (Pulse Mode).
[F5] Position for Azimuth E Plot.
Shift[F5] Plot Azimuth E graph. Linear increment Indicator mode.
Alt[F5] Plot Azimuth E graph. Non-linear increment Indicator mode.
[F6] Position for Elevation H Plot.
Shift[F6] Plot Elevation H graph. Linear increment Indicator mode.
Alt[F6] Plot Elevation H graph. Non-linear increment Indicator mode.
[F7] Clear Graphics Screen;
Shift[F7] Calculate Antennae Gain and Beam angle.
[F8] Change offset Degree Scale. +/- 5 , 12.5 or 25 degrees.
Shift[F8] Invert dB Scale.
Ctrl[F8] Calibrate A/D input voltage.
[F9] Receiver scan plot 10 Seconds.
Shift[F9] Receiver scan plot 50 Seconds.
[F10] Store Graph Plot to Disk.
Shift[F10] Load Graph Plot from Disk.
Ctrl[F10] Erase a Graph File.
Alt[F10] Print Graph.
13.4 [F2] Target Source Options ( plus [TAB] for more)
[F1] Moon. Shift[F1] P1641-45
[F2] Sun. Shift[F2] P1831-03
[F3] Aquarius. Shift[F3] P1858+03
[F4] Leo. Shift[F4] P1354-62
[F5] Pictor. Shift[F5] Orion M42
[F6] Cassiopeia. Shift[F6] Taurus A
[F7] Sagittarius. Shift[F7] Centurus A
[F8] Cygnus. Shift[F8] Virgo
[F9] Omega M17. Shift[F9] Perseus A
[F10] User Input Az / El. Autotrack and Graphics only.
Shift[F10] Input a Grid Square. Autotrack and Graphics only.
Doug McArthur (VK3UM)
22nd November 1993